Key words : floutingmaxims, descriptive analysis
This study
is made to analyze the flouting maxims used in ―The Sun
Also Rises‖ novel written by Ernest Hemingway. The research problems of the study are the maxims flouted, this problem is further elaborated into: the quality
maxim flouted, quantity
maxim flouted, relevance/relation
maxim flouted, manner maxim flouted. The study is expected to be beneficial to the world of literature. In addition, the writer hopes the result of the study will
give additional information
to the reader
and can contributes to the
development of literary
study
particularly among students who are interested
in the literary
study. It is a qualitative study that focuses on the flouting
maxims of the novel. The data were gathered by
picking up the utterances
within conversation which
reveals the flouting maxims. Then, the authorstarted to analyze the data.in conducting the
analysis, the
author used Grice‘s classification which divides the maxims into four categories, namely quality
maxim, quantity maxim, relevance/relation maxim, and manner
maxim. Afterwards, the author classified the data into each category
where
they belong to and gave a little comment on the case. As a result, the author found
how the maxims were
flouted and the author
could draw the inferences
dealing with the case. From the results, it was known
that the flouting of the maxims
occurs in all kinds of Grice‘s maxims with no exception, and it is
done in various ways.
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
A. Background of the Study
Man is as social being who always needs company in his life. It means that in order
to facilitate
their efforts to provide
themselves with the necessities of life,
social beings have to cooperate with one another, which can only be carried out in a community. It is for the purpose of this cooperation that members of a social group need
a means of communication,
which is called ―language‖.
For most people, the use of language is a crucial part of their daily
life. They
use language to express thoughts or feelings. It plays an important role in human‘s life. Without language people cannot do social interaction because everyday people
use language to communicate with others
in their society.
It is a way to communicate
what the need, want, thinks,
or feel with one another.
This is true of all languages in all countries. A language is any set of defined rules that can be used to
convey thoughts, ideas,
or instructions.
May 2012,
10:18).
Without language
it is hard to imagine
how people can cooperate
and
get along with one another. It becomes clear
that no one, whatever his/her age, social
background, and way of life or job, can for long avoid the use of language from he moment he/she wakes up until he/she
falls to sleep.
One of the forms of language use event is a conversation. In daily
life, one cannot avoid talking or making conversation. He
needs it in order
to interact with
other people around him. Conversation is very significant and complex because it is more
than merely talk exchanges. When people take part in a conversation, the share
assumptions and expectations about what conversation is, how
conversation is conducted, and the sort of contribution they
are each expected to make. People engaged in a
conversation will share common principles of conversation that lead
them to interpret each other‘s utterance
as
contributing to the conversation. Richards and
Schmidt (1983:122) explain that:
―Conversation is more than a series of exchanges; it consists of exchanges which are
initiated and interpreted according to intuitively understood and socially acquired rules and norms of conversational cooperation, which can in turn be manipulated to
create a wide range of meaning beyond the level expressed directly by the utterances in the conversation
themselves.‖
Conversation is governed by the cooperative principle, as the philosopher H.P. Grice calls it, which is elaborated into various rules called maxims of conversation. When people are engaged in a conversation, and abide by the cooperative principle
they agree to act according to those maxims. They must tell
the truth, make what they
say
as
informative as is required, and be relevant, for
example. However, what we may find in reality is not always like that. Maxims, like any other rules, are often broken. Speakers often flout one of those maxims. When a maxim is
flouted, a speaker does
not observe the maxim.
What is interesting about conversations is that they are
governed by a set of
conventions, which are never officially
proposed by anybody. Conversely, these
conventions have emerged naturally. The philosopher H.P. Grice formulated these
conventions as
the
cooperative principle
of
conversation that he
referred
to
as
―maxims‖. Dealing with these maxims we have unstated assumptions in conversations. We assume that participants in a conversation cooperate with each other by abiding maxims of conversation. We assume that they are telling the truth, making what they say relevant to
the speech context,
and trying to be as
clear
as they can, for example. However, in reality, conversation does not always go on this way.
The fact is that in a conversation, the speakers may not always follow the maxims. They sometimes flout one of the maxims
at a given point in a conversation. This case is very
interesting because when it happens, the listeners will perceive the difference between what the speaker says and what he means by what he says. For
example :
Father : What time is it?
Mother
: Well,
the paper’s already come.
From example we know that mother‘s response obviously
does not have any
connection with father‘s question. Father
asked about the time and mother
told
him about something
seemingly unrelated (the arrival of newspaper). Mother appears to be violating the Maxim of
Relevance; there must be some reason for her seemingly irrelevant comment. The inference that
mother doesn‘t know
the exact time
but the arrival of the newspaper has something
to do with the time, namely that it is now
past the time of day that
the newspaper usually comes
(i.e., 7.00 a.m).
Thus,
the listeners have to manage
to work out the complete message when the speakers mean more than they
say. In life one cannot avoid doing conversation.
As a matter of fact, human beings spend a large
part
of their lives engaging in
conversation. It can be understood
since people need to communicate with one another and conversation is one of the forms of communication event. Conversation itself is considered as two-way communication; there are speaker and listener who
do the talk exchanges.
If a speaker flouts a maxim, he quite likely does it deliberately and flagrantly so that everybody
else in the conversation (the listener) recognizes that he is not
observing the maxim. When this occurs the listener
perceives the difference
between what the speaker says and what he means by what he says. Therefore, to maintain the conversation, the listener has to work out what is the speaker actually
intends to convey. That is the
common case
found between speaker and listener involved
in conversation. We might
be found this problem in conversation
from the novel.
As we
know that most of people in the world love novel whether
in humor, scary, action, love drama, or others. It can express someone
thought and meaning
sense. Generally, in the conversational of novel has specific aim. Usually, the conversational
makes
someone confused with the speaker‘s
statement.
In a novel, many
utterances have differences meaning. Furthermore, as
novel‘s lovers we might to know what the conversational purpose. Conversation in
the novel always
not follow Grice‘s principle; conversational maxims. In
certainly conversation can be found
utterances or
sentences that flouted maxims.
Understanding the meaning of conversation is needed by
viewer in order to avoid misunderstanding. In Hemingway‘s The Sun Also Rises the flouting maxims
also happens. The Sun Also Rises has many utterances or sentences that flouted maxims.
The case of flouting
maxims in the novel is represented by the data, which are
classified into four categories. The data collected show that the flouting
of those
The Sun
Also Rises (Page 5)
Jake : Don’t you
like Paris? Georgette : No.
Jake
: Why don’t you
go somewhere else? Georgette : Isn’t
anywhere else.
Georgette flouts the maxim of quality
by uttering thing which is
untrue, namely that there is nowhere else but Paris. Of course it is blatantly false for in fact there are so many other places in the world besides Paris. Jake must assume that Georgette is being cooperative. In order to preserve
the assumption of cooperation, Jake then, will have to infer a particular
reason
(for example, she cannot
go to other places)
why she makes
an apparently untrue remark. The implicature in above is essentially that there is something which has been forcing her to stay in Paris. She has no choice at
all
about where she can live I accordance with her want. She has to stay there
no matter what. Although she is eager to move to any other places, she cannot
do it anyway.
The Sun
Also Rises (Page 55)
Bill : Listen, Jake, are you
really a Catholic?
Jake : Technically.
Jake‘s answer to Bill‘s question brings about obscurity, it therefore
flouts the maxim of manner. He should
have provided a ―Yes‖
or ―No‖
answer for in this case it is the clearest answer. If he just answers like he
does, his interlocutor is unlikely to get what he means by that, whereas in
fact the manner maxim enjoins us to avoid using any term our listener cannot be expected to know. Now, if Bill assumes that
Jake is being cooperative, he
must consider Jake has a
particular reason for his failure to provide clear easily
understood answer.
The
inference he can draw
is
that
there is
something wrong with Jake dealing with his religious life. It can be that Jake
is alienated from his faith, Catholicism, which he clings to but cannot
sincerely practice. He is skeptical and yet devout. Pragmatically, it does not work. He does not believe, but he wants to believe. He goes through
the motions of his faith hoping that somehow it will succeed in giving him
an anchor in his disintegrating worldly milieu.
This phenomenon is quite interesting to be explored. It is significant to the development of science on Pragmatics
since it can be used as a way of solving
problems appearing
in dealing with the conversational maxim. Considering those
statements, in this study
the
writer would like
to
attempt to analyze
such
a
phenomenon found in a literary work. Here the writer carries out a research entitled
“A DESCRIPTIVE ANALYSIS
ON THE FLOUTING
MAXIMS USED IN “THE SUN ALSO RISES”
NOVEL WRITTEN BY ERNEST
HEMINGWAY”.
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