MAKALAH ACTIVE, PASSIVE VOICE, COMPOUND AND COMPLEX SENTENCE

ACTIVE, PASSIVE VOICE, COMPOUND

AND

COMPLEX SENTENCE

PAPER

ARRANGED TO COMPLETE THE ASSIGNMENT OF ADVANCED GRAMMAR

 Lecturer : Aisyah Ririn P.U, M.Pd.

Compiled by group 7:

1. Satria Aditama                               2011-32-064

2. Itriyya Nadhifah                             2011-32-020

3. Fitri Ana Sari                                  2011-32-009

4. Ena Priyanti                                    2011-32-231

5. Rifiana Nurul Husna                      2011-32-232

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ENGLISH EDUCATION DEPARTMENT

TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION FACULTY

MURIA KUDUS UNIVERSITY

2012

PREFACE

We deeply say thanks to Allah, the lord of universe, for the mercies then we could finish this paper. It is written for completing the assignment of Genre Study course. Mrs. Aisyah Ririn is the first person my greatest thanks go to. We really do appreciate in her dedication in conducting teaching process in this course. We are sure that Allah SWT will give her rewards for all her goodness.

In this paper with the title “Active, Passive Voice, Compound and Complex Sentence”, we try hard to give my best in providing the materials about them. We used simply language in writing the definition and function of grammar. We totally realize that this paper far from perfect. We will very welcoming for all critiques and suggestions.

Kudus, September 2012

CONTENT

A.    ACTIVE VOICE

1.      DEFINITION

In active sentences, the thing doing the action is the subject of the sentence and the thing receiving the action is the object. Most sentences are active.

2.      FORM

Form of active sentence is:

[Thing doing action] + [verb] + [thing receiving action]

                        Example:

                       

B.     PASSIVE VOICE

1.      DEFINITION

In passive sentences, the thing receiving the action is the subject of the sentence and the thing doing the action is optionally included near the end of the sentence. You can use the passive form if you think that the thing receiving the action is more important or should be emphasized. You can also use the passive form if you do not know who is doing the action or if you do not want to mention who is doing the action.

2.      FORM

Form of passive sentence is:

[Thing receiving action] + [be] + [past participle of verb] + [by] + [thing doing action]

Example:  

      There are some general steps in changing active sentence to be passive voice. The steps are:

1.      Change the subject in active sentence to be the object of passive voice.

2.      Take by after the main verb.

3.      The verb in passive voice is consists of tobe+ verb3.

4.      The pattern of passive voice is appropriated to tenses.

5.      The time signal in passive voice also depends on the tenses.

Remember again :

a.       To be and the subject.

I am - He is. - She is – They are – the police are – the lady is – etc.

b.      The changing of Subject to Object

I -> me, you -> you, he -> him, she ->her, we-> us, they -> them, it -> it.

c.       The changing of irregular verbs and regular verbs.

Murder –murdered – murdered, spend –spent – spent – spent, etc

Verb I and Verb II -> Verb III (past particle)

Verb I → Verb III -> To hate > hated, to eat -> eaten

Verb II →Verb II -> Knew > known , wrote →written

d.      The changing of singular and plural of personal pronouns.

Otherwise you will have difficulties in the placement of to be (am,is,are,etc)

e.g. :          He is typing a letter. → A letter is typed by him

The police arrested the thief. → The thief was arrested by the police.

Note:

            In passive voice just for transitive sentence (the sentence that needs the object). Passive voice for intransitive sentence cannot be corrected. It is not possible to use these words: come, happen, sleep, seem.

Example:         The accident is happened. (active)

                        ......................................... (passive)

3.      KINDS OF PASSIVE VOICE

a.       Passive Voice Based on the Tenses

The pattern of the passive voice in some tenses are showed in following table.

No.	Tenses	Passive Voice	Example
1	Simple Present	Is/am/are+V3+by...	Rice is eaten by Joko everyday.
2	Present Cont.	Is/am/are+being V3+by...	English is being studied by me.
3	Simple Past	Was/were+V3+by...	Soto was eaten by Bejo last night.
4	Past Cont.	Was/were+beingV3+by...	The dress was being made by Ani.
5	Present Perfect	Have/has+V3+by...	The letter has ben writing by him.
6	Past Perfect	Had+V3+by...	The coffee had been drunk by her.
7	Simple Future	Will/shall+be+V3+by...	You will be kissed by Obama.
8	Past Future	Would/should+be+V3+by...	The tree would be climbed by it.

b.      Passive Voice in Question Sentence

Passive voice also can be formed for question sentence.

Example:         Who speaks English every day?         (active)

                        Who is English spoken by every day?            (passive)

                        What do you speak every day?           (active)

                        What is spoken by you every day?     (passive)

                        When do you speak English?              (active)

                        When is English spoken by you everyday?    (passive)

c.       Passive voice with Modal Auxiliary

            Sentence with modal also can be formed as passive voice.

                       

No.	Modal	Passive Voice	Example
1	Present	Can/must/may+be+V3+by...	The car can be driven by him.
2	Past	Could/had to/might+be+V3+by...	The test could be passed by me last year.

                       

C.     COMPOUND SENTENCE

1.      DEFINITION

Compound sentence consists of two or more independent clauses. Each of these clauses is capable of standing on each own and conveying a message. Each has equal status and provides equally important information. These clauses may be linked together in a sentence using such words as ‘and’, ‘or’, and ‘but’ (FANBOYS: For, and, nor, but, or, yet, so).

Example:

 -  He climbed into bed and he fell fast asleep.

 -  Susan walked home but the others caught the bus.

Words use to combine independent clauses include:

And, so, but, or, yet, and so, not only… but also, neither …nor, either … or

There are called ‘coordinators’ or ‘coordinating conjunction’

Note that, when the subject of the verb is the same I both clauses, it can be omitted from the second clause.

Example:

-        The ship stopped and (the ship) rolled over on its side.

They all stopped talking and (they) listened.

2.      PATTERN

The patterns of compound sentence can be looked in the following table.

Formula:	Example:
I, f I.	Bill runs, and he jumps.
I; I.	Bill runs; he jumps.

D.    COMPLEX SENTENCE

1.      DEFINITION

Complex sentences generally involve greater complexity of thought as students learn to express more subtle, and, indicate relationship between ideas. They are often used, for example to convey the logical reasoning needed argumentation and explanation. Although even young students are capable of using complex sentences (involving clauses of time in particular-when we got back to school, we had our lunch.), older students often  still have problems with complex sentences that involve higher order thinking skills.

The function of complex sentence:

-        To provide a reason.

Example: he jumps up because the bell rang.

-        To state of purpose.

Example: She raced home in order to confront her brother.

-        To express a condition.

Example: It will be break if you push it.

-        To make a concession.

Example:  She went to work even though she was not feeling well.

-        To link two ideas in terms of various time relations.

Example: Nero fiddled while Rome burned.

In a complex sentence, there is a clause expressing the main message and another clause (or clauses) elaborating on that message in some way. While the main clause is independent, the other clause cannot stand on its own-it is dependent on the main clause for its meaning.

Example: They ran as if they were being chased by a madman.

                        The metal rod expended because it was heated.

Independent clauses are also known as ‘main clauses’ or ‘principal clauses’. Dependent clauses are sometimes called ‘adverbial clauses’ because they often perform a job similar to other adverbial, providing more information about how, when, where and why an activity takes place. They are also referred to as ‘sub ordinate clauses’.

2.      PATTERN

The patterns of simple sentence ca be looked in the following table.

Formula:	Example:
I D.	Bill runs when he goes to school.
D, I.	When he goes to school, Bill runs.

Formula:	Example:
I D.	Bill runs when he goes to school.
D, I.	When he goes to school, Bill runs.

                                    Actually, there is one more kind of sentence. It is compound complex sentence. The pattern of compound complex sentence can be looked in the following table.

Formula:	Example:
I, f I D.	Bill runs, and he jumps when he sees a dog.
I; I D.	Bill runs; he jumps when he sees a dog.
I D, f I.	Bill jumps when he sees a dog, and he runs.
D, I, f I.	When he sees a dog, Bill jumps, and he runs.
D, I; I.	When he sees a dog, Bill jumps; he runs.
I D; I.	Bill jumps when he sees a dog; he runs.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Roziqin, Badiatul.2011. 30 Hari Mahir Bahasa Inggris. Jogjakarta: Think.

Azhar, betty S.1989.Understanding and Using English Grammar. New Jersey :Prentice-  Hall.

http://budospol.blogspot.com/2009/10/active-voice-and-passive-voice.html

http://writingcenter.unlv.edu/writing/sentformulas.html

http://www.education.com/study-help/article/combining-sentences_answer/?page=2

EXERCISE I

Active to Passive
    

Change the following sentences into passive voice.

  1. You should open the wine about three hours before you use it.

  2. Previous climbers had cut steps in the ice.

  3. Satria is cleaning my shoes.

  4. We use this room only on special occasions.

  5. You must not hammer nails into the walls without permission.

EXERCISE II

Passive to Active

Change the following sentences into passive voice.

  1. The ball is kicked by Ronaldo.

  2. What is spoken by you every day?

  3. The door had been opened by Tom.

  4. His mother is going to be helped by Aziz.

  5. John will be invited by Tomy to the party.

EXERCISE III

Compound Sentence

Combine the following simple sentences to create a compound sentence.

1.    It rained for three days. The streets in my neighborhood flooded.

2.    I got to ball practice late. I forgot to set my alarm.

3.    Kyle completed his homework. He put it in his binder.

4.    Luke mowed the lawn. He earned ten dollars.

5.    I stayed up late last night. I am tired today.

6.    Neil doesn't like seafood. He doesn't like cabbage.

7.    My pencil was broken. I borrowed one from Jake.

8.    I like apples. I like pears more.

9.    Eight people got into the elevator. It was crowded. Three people got off.

10.              Georgia gathered the pictures. She could arrange them in a special album for her family.

ANSWER KEYS

Exercise 1

1.  The wine should be opened by you about three hours before you use it.
2.  The steps had been cut by previous climbers in the ice.
3. My shoes is being cleaned by Satria.
4. This room is used by us only on special occation.
5. The nails must not be hammered by you into the wall without permission.

Exercise 2

1. Ronaldo kicks the ball.
2. What do you speak every day?
3. Tom had opened the door.     
4. Aziz is going to help his mother.
5. Tomy will invite John to the party.

Exercise 3

1.         It rained for three days, so the streets in my neighborhood flooded.( compound)

2.         I got to ball practice late for I forgot to set my alarm.(compound)

3.         Kyle completed his homework and he put it in his binder.(complex)

4.         Luke mowed the lawn and he earned ten dollars.(complex)

5.         I stayed up late last night so I am tired today.(compound)

6.         Neil doesn't like seafood, nor does he like cabbage.(compound)

7.         My pencil was broken so I borrowed one from Jake.(complex)

8.         I like apples, but I like pears more.(compound)

9.         Eight people got into the elevator, but it was crowded, so three people got off. (compound- complex)

10.       Georgia gathered the pictures so she could arrange them in a special album for her family. complex